Vivendi SA (formerly known as Vivendi Universal) is a French conglomerate active in media and communications with activities in music, television and film, publishing, telecommunications and the Internet.
The company disclosed a corporate loss of €23.3 billion in its 2002 annual report, the worst loss to date for a French company. Amid intense media scrutiny, its flamboyant Chairman and CEO, Jean-Marie Messier (who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversification), was subsequently replaced by Jean-René Fourtou.
Messier's rapid expansion of the firm, during which he overpaid hugely for media assets, saddling the company with debt far in excess of its market valuation and ultimately bringing it to the brink of collapse, has become a study in the triumph of personal ambition and greed over common sense.
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