Dyslexia is a condition which causes difficulty with reading and writing and literally means "difficulty with the lexicon" in Greek. Today, it is thought to be a neurological disorder with biochemical and genetic markers, although there is some dispute over this claim. People are diagnosed as dyslexic when their reading problems cannot be explained by a lack of intellectual ability, inadequate instruction, or sensory problems such as poor eyesight.
Although it can be caused by brain damage (usually referred to as "Alexia" in this case), the majority of Dyslexics show no evidence of brain trauma. There are two forms of dyslexia. Developmental dyslexia appears to be present from birth, and acquired dyslexia is the result of brain trauma. It is believed that developmental dyslexia is the result of developmental differences in the brain. Many studies have shown that often there are other family members who show and have shown similar difficulties, which suggests a genetic or developmental cause of the condition. Dyslexia, as a condition, can show a pronounced difference between individuals, from being very mild to severe. It is not restricted to childhood but can continue throughout a persons life. Nor is it restricted to one sex. Male dyslexics, however, may show different symptoms from females. Native language may also affect the symptoms and severity of dyslexia.
Problems can include a persons difficulty with reading and writing, poor short-term memory for sequences, (e.g. numbers and math), and a "confused" use of their hands (for example ambidextrous people often show signs of Dyslexia). In addition, occasionally males will show a slower development of language skills in the early part of their lives. Dyslexias include the inability to name letters, to read words or sentences, or to recognize words directly even though they can be sounded out. Dyslexia is not limited to reversing the order of letters in reading or writing, as is often implied in popular culture; it may, for instance, include unexpected spelling mistakes (including phonetic spelling in English) and unusual syntax, and may be associated with dyscalculia. Most theories focus on non-primary areas in the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. Studies have linked several forms of dyslexia to genetic markers.
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