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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic Holy Wars to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other targets, such as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars of southern France, the Northern Crusades, and the Fourth Crusade which conquered Constantinople.

Beyond the medieval military events, the word "crusade" has evolved to have multiple meanings and connotations. For additional meanings see usage of the term "crusade" below and/or the Crusade.

Historical background


The origins of the crusades lie in developments in Western Europe earlier in the Middle Ages, as well as the deteriorating situation of the Byzantine Empire in the east. The breakdown of the Carolingian Empire in the later 9th century, combined with the relative stabilisation of local European borders after the Christianisation of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars, meant that there was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight amongst themselves and terrorise the peasant population. The Church tried to stem this violence with the Peace and Truce of God movements, which was somewhat successful, but trained warriors always sought an outlet for their violence. One later outlet was the Reconquista in Spain and Portugal, which at times occupied Iberian knights and some mercenaries from elsewhere in Europe in the fight against the Islamic Moors.

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Catholic Encyclopedia: Crusades - Presents the Catholic perspective on the Crusades.
Meta Description: [ Expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. The origin of the word may be traced to the cross made of cloth and worn as a badge on the outer garment of those who took part in these enterprises ]

Life in the Middle Ages: The Crusades - Fourth and fifth grade students write about the holy wars.

Medieval Crusades - A history of the crusades and crusaders from Europe to the Levant. Written for students.
Meta Description: [ Medieval Crusades - A History of the Crusades and Crusaders from Europe to the Levant ]

Medieval Times: The Crusades - Short overview of the wars written by students for students.

Swishweb.com: The Main Crusades to the East - Timeline of the first through fourth crusades.

Swishweb.com: The Main Crusades to the East - Timeline of the fifth through eighth crusades.

The Crusades - Detailed information on each of the seven major crusades. Written by a history professor at Boise State University.

The Crusades and the Contributions of Islam - Focuses on the holy wars and the contributions of Muslim scholars during the Middle Ages. Geared toward middle school students.
Meta Description: [ This page focuses on the Crusades and the contributions of Muslim scholars during the Middle Ages.. It is part of The Electronic Passport, the world's first online middle school classroom. The lessons were prepared for seventh grade students at a Math/Science/Technology magnet school in West Pa... ]

The Crusades Daily Life - Covers the time period 1099-1250 AD, and presents food, clothing and prominent people of the Crusades.

The Holy Crusades - Text of a lecture which outlines the origins and importance of the Crusades in European history.
Meta Description: [ A full-text lecture which outlines the origins and importance of the Crusades in European history ]

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